Lithium-ion batteries for low-temperature applications: Limiting factors and solutions

Modern technologies used in the sea, poles, or aerospace require reliable batteries with outstanding performance at temperatures below zero degrees. However, commercially available lithium-ion (LIBs) show significant degradation under low-temperature (LT) conditions. Broadening application area of LIBs requires an improvement their LT characteristics. This review examines current challenges for each components (anode, cathode, and electrolyte) environment. In addition, it discusses possible modification methods practical solutions better battery. Finally, several research flaws are pointed out that deserve greater attention, tackling them might result being operable ultra-low temperatures.